07 Dec 2013
SEAP Quarterly Newsletter 2013-4
| In this Issue | IPNI SEAP Program Updates Season's Greetings |
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| IPNI SEAP Program Updates - Season's Greetings - IPNI SEAP presence at PIPOC 2013 - New article on on-farm experimentation -IPNI SEAP - Cocoa Care Program - Highlights from the Plantation Intelligence Team - SEAP Staff Updates News From the Region - Indonesia dominates world palm oil market - Myanmar doubles rice shipment- First palm crop slump since 1998 - Responsible Business Forum - Typhoon Haiyan devastates agriculture - Coconut crisis looms as post-war trees age - Lao rice gets thumbs up -Cassava exports drop sharply in Cambodia - Philippines exports cordillera rice to US - Vietnam's rice output faces slide Other News - Debunking myths on Cassava - Can we feed 9.6billion by 2050? - Cocoa deficit - Oil Palm expansion in Brazil Literature at a Glance - The Potassium Paradox - Is potassium fertilizer really necessary? - Cooperative business models for coffee certification in Nicaragua - Estimating oil content of commercially harvested oil palm fresh fruit bunches -Effect of nutrient application frequency on nutrient uptake in oil palm production on sandy soils -How to change legal land use classifications to support sustainable palm oil production in Indonesia -Oil palm fuel more carbon intensive than diesel IPNI SEAP in the Press -Recent publications and press releases Upcoming Events -Scroll down for updates | Dear Colleagues, Supporters and Friends of IPNI Southeast Asia Program (SEAP):
Another year comes to an end and like so many times before, this is a moment to reflect on and to look back to months flown by. In appreciation of our association during the past year with you, everyone at the Southeast Asia office of IPNI extends our best wishes for an enjoyable year’s end to you, your family and friends. This year has seen IPNI SEAP strengthening its engagement in oil palm. And we are proudly supporting this industry. In 2013, we continued with our work in the Best Management Practices (BMP) All Growth Stages Project. We are now moving into the immature phase in our partner sites. The completed nursery phase has already produced very interesting results. Our BMP Nutrition Project has completed its second year, and we have recently published first results at the PIPOC 2013. Our Plantation Intelligence Project, which is looking at innovative ways to analyze existing commercial information, is now moving at full swing, and is generating insights that will help partners to improve overall plantation management, specifically use of fertilization and labor. We are excited about the 2013 start up of a BMP Project in Ghana, West Africa, which we implement jointly with our friends of IPNI Africa. We have opened an office in the Philippines! Hosted by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), this is now our home for the successful Nutrient Expert Program that delivers 4R consistent nutrient management recommendations. The program is now engaged in Southeast Asia, China, India, and Africa, in rice, maize, and wheat. We are currently looking at the option to include sugar cane and cassava into the program. The island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, is host to another start up program: sustainable intensification of cocoa. This program is rapidly developing into an innovative example for on farm research and development. Jointly implemented between IPNI SEAP and the Cocoa Care program of Community Solutions International, this endeavor leads to increased yields and improved quality of cocoa, thereby directly improving livelihoods of growers. The work with our growers is already generating valuable information on nutrient management in smallholder cocoa production systems. Please click on the pdf below to read more... |
| IPNI SEAP Presence at PIPOC 2013 | |
| Christopher Donough and Rachel Lim presented two posters at the Malaysian Palm Oil Board International Palm Oil Congress (PIPOC) organized by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board at the Kuala Lumpur Convention Center from 19th to 21st November 2013. PIPOC is a biennial event. This year, PIPOC 2013 attracted more than 2000 participants. With the theme of "Green Opportunities from the Golden Crop", this event offered a strategic platform and stimulating environment for interaction and in-depth deliberation on the many facets of oil palm and the palm oil industry. The posters can be viewed below in our Literature at a Glance section. | |
| New Article on On-Farm Experimentation | |
| Recently a team of IPNI SEAP consultants and the IPNI SEAP director wrote an article on on-farm experimentation and published it in the Better Crops Journal, see details below in the press section. The authors examine how farmer experimentation differs from ‘conventional’ experimentation, and how it might be reintegrated with conventional science and help in improving soil management. The focus is on the competence of farmers in using on-farm experimentation built around their experiences and an approach of “operational research”, based on the observation and analysis of farm operations so as to improve them, to manage crops better. | |
| IPNI-SEAP - Cocoa Care Program | |
| Cacao has been grown in Indonesia for hundreds of years and since the 1980’s grew rapidly to be now the third largest producer in the world with annual production of 550,000 – 570,000 Metric Tons forecast in the 2012/2013 crop year. Since the early 2000’s there has been an ongoing decline in quality and productivity, which has undermined cacao farm profitability and presents a substantial risk to the survival of the industry in Indonesia, while at the same time global markets are strong.
IPNI Southeast Asia Program and Cocoa Care started a cacao farm research and development project in Soppeng, South Sulawesi, Indonesia to quantify the effectiveness of balanced fertilizer applications to increase cocoa farm productivity, improve cacao bean quality and increase cacao farm income in a typical Indonesian small-holder cacao farming system, and to estimate the market potential for sustainable nutrition in cocoa. Specifically, the project has identified 20 small holder cacao farmers in the Soppeng / Bone area of South Sulawesi where generally poorly trained cacao farmers are struggling to maintain sustainable productivity levels under increasing pressure from pests and diseases with inadequate application of necessary farm inputs. Please learn more about the program and meet our farmers at http://www.cocoacare.org/blogs/supporters-page-ipni As announced on 27th November, IPNI SEAP decided to support three new farmers, who will be added to the IPNI soil rehabilitation program. We would like to introduce you to Farmer Kaswadi, Farmer Faizal and Farmer Muin who will all be joining the IPNI program immediately. On Monday 2nd December, 2013 these 3 farmers will attend the training facility in Tarengge, South Sulawesi to learn about correct pruning techniques, farm sanitation, pest and disease management, fertilizing, pod and bean quality, pod opening, effects of cocoa pod borer on beans (black beans), harvesting and quality control...just to name a few topics. The three new members of the IPNI cocoa family include Muin & Suarni and family, Kaswadin & Nurdiana and family, and Faisal & Syamsuniana and family. | |
| Highlights from the Plantation Intelligence Team | |
| IPNI SEAP’s Plantation Intelligence (PI) Team held a review meeting in Penang this October. The meeting was held in order to review progress, clarify issues and pave the way for the next stage, which will focus heavily on analyses and associated plantation dialogue meetings. The central expectation of PI for oil palm is that insights of performance can accelerate improvement within the industry through a process of dialogue and learning. There is no projected end-point, but a process of continual improvement enabled by learning. The direction of change is intended to be endogenous, directed by the industry partners, rather than exogenous – as directed by outside ‘experts’. Many of the concepts contained within PI are different from ‘mainstream’ agricultural science. The type of analysis we do is determined by two questions: What do you want to know? What information is available? In our case, it is determined more strongly by the second question – availability – than the first. Substantial quantities of data are available, thanks to meticulous record-keeping by managers. But sometimes datasets are incomplete and unstructured for the analysis we’d like. So we are obliged to work with data that is available and look for answers by combining information in ways that make the most sense. The structure of the data rarely complies with normal assumptions of statistical tests such as orthogonality or randomness, but the ‘sample’ populations tend to be reasonably large. Analysis falls into several classes, all is done in close dialogue with partners. Basic observation: Sometimes it’s enough to simply plot data and observe the trends. Comparative observation: The next level is to ask specific questions about performance, relative to other blocks, estates, or years. Nearly always, we compare results with an idea in our head: Is the yield trend less than expected? Does Estate X always outperform Estate Y? Basic analysis of factors of production: Next we have measures of productivity in relation to key inputs of fertilizer and labour. Here the question is simply: what evidence do we have about the performance of these key inputs? ‘Structured’ analysis: Once we have a good overview based on analysis from a number of different aspects, we can start the more intricate process of analysing the production system as a whole. This is the first phase of PI. Despite the fact that the PI team is scattered around the globe and that participants are all occupied on PI for only part of our time – and some for very few days- progress has been rapid. Results include:
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| SEAP Staff Updates | |
| La Ode Umar Rasyid, Junior Oil Palm Consultant at IPNI SEAP has resigned from his position effective 1 November 2013. We wish him well in his future endeavors. | |
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| News from the Region | |
| Indonesia Dominates World's Palm Oil Market | |
| Chairman of the Indonesian Palm Oil Council Derom Bangun told more than 100 delegates to a conference held at the Indonesia Consulate General in Hamburg, Germany that palm oil is gaining domination from soybean oil and competes with other vegetable oils such as canola oil and sunflower oil. Indonesia is currently the world's largest producer of palm oil and therefore, any issue related to the commodity would be important for the country, Bangun said in the Oil World Outlook Conference, organized by ISTA Mielke GmbH (Oil World), a company operating in data analysis and information about world market of edible oils. Bangun spoke about palm oil industry developments in Indonesia to counter the negative issues arising out of the industry, notably in Europe. He stated that the palm oil industry provides livelihood for millions of Indonesian farmers, adding that 42 percent of 9.1 million hectares of oil palm plantations in the country are owned by smallholders. Source: Click on Antaranews.com, December 1, 2013, to read more | |
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| Myanmar to Double Rice Shipments | |
| "Myanmar plans to increase rice shipments as the country embraces trade and opens its economy, challenging Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia for sales amid a global glut. Shipments may increase to 2.5 million metric tonnes in 2014 and 2015 from an estimated 1.8 million tonnes in the year that started April 1, according to Toe Aung Myint, director general of the Department of Trade Promotion at the Ministry of Commerce. Exports are targeted to increase to 4.8 million tonnes in 2019 and 2020, Mr Toe said in an interview in Hong Kong." Listing China, African countries, Russia and Europe as potential buyers, the rice industry contributed about 13% of gross domestic product in 2011, and more than 70% of the population is connected with the trade, according to a presentation from Toe. Myanmar's strengths are low production costs, vast land and abundant water and labor, according to a 2012 study from the Manila-based Asian Development Bank (ADB). Source: Click on Bangkok Post, November 28, 2013, to read more | |
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| First Palm Crop Slump since 1998 | |
| Palm-oil production in Indonesia, the world’s biggest supplier, is dropping for the first time in 15 years after heavy rains and drought. The decline is spurring a rebound in prices from the lowest level in 45 months. The country’s output of the most-consumed edible oil will slide 1.9 percent to 26.5 million metric tons this year, according to the median of five grower estimates compiled by Bloomberg. That’s the first drop since 1998, according to data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture which predicts a crop of 28.5 million tons. Source: Click on Bloomberg.com, November 28, 2013, to read more | |
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| Responsible Business Forum in Singapore addresses palm oil sustainability | |
| Major stakeholder groups in the palm oil sector, which included Singapore-listed palm oil firm Wilmar International, the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), the Zoological Society of London, and Greenpeace International issued a set of recommendations to improve the sector at the Responsible Business Forum on Sustainable Development held in Singapore this November 2013. Acknowledging that a multi-pronged approach is needed to address the complex issues surrounding the production of palm oil, especially in the areas of illegal forest clearances, trans-boundary haze, supply chain transparency, low certified sustainable palm oil uptake and government regulations, the group made several recommendations that included increasing the quality and quantity of information to encourage transparency of data and traceability on processes and products, and developing incentives for sustainable plantations across the sector. Source: Click on Eco-Business.com , November 27, 2013, to read more | |
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| Typhoon Haiyan Devastates Agriculture, Affects more than a Million Farmers | |
| “The typhoon struck at a devastating time for farmers, hard hitting the country’s rice fields, coconut trees and fishing communities” - FAO When Typhoon Haiyan swept through the Philippines in November, it left a death toll of 1,774 and untold destruction in its wake. Particularly hard hit were the country’s rice fields, coconut tress and fishing communities, according to reports from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), making uncertain the long-term outlook for agriculture. Rice is grown on some 7.9 million acres of land and provides jobs for millions of Filipinos. Harvest was just completed and rice-planting season had just begun. Farmers not only lost the seedlings they had recently planted, but they also potentially lost part of what they had gathered. Source: Click on The Weather Channel, November 12, 2013, to read more. | |
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| Coconut Crisis Looms as Postwar Palm Trees Age | |
| Asia’s coconut palms, which the landscape from the Philippines to India, face a crisis as aging groves become less productive, with harvests that are a source of food and income for millions being outstripped by demand. Source: Click on Bloomberg.com,, November 4, 2013, to read more. | |
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| Lao Rice gets thumbs up from Foreign Buyers | |
“Lao rice from Savannakhet province in central part of the country has proven to be of high enough quality to sell on the international market, opening up export opportunities in the region and as far afield as Europe.
Source: Click on Dawn.com, October 16, 2013, to read more. | |
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| Cassava Exports Drop Sharply in First 8 Months in Cambodia | |
“In the first eight months of this year, cassava exports and its value dropped by half. According to farmers, the value could decline further due to the continuous heavy rains causing hundreds of hectares of land to be flooded.”
Source: Click on The Cambodia Daily, October 1, 2013, to read more. | |
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| Philippines Exporting Cordillera rice to the US | |
"The Philippines has started exporting rice to the United States calling this “a milestone in government’s effort to expand markets for premium varieties and promote the rich cultural heritage”
Source: Click on Sunstar Manila, September 23, 2013 to read more. | |
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| Vietnam's Rice Output Faces Slide on Crop Switch | |
“Rice production in Vietnam is poised to drop next year for the first time in more than a decade so to promote other crops designed to boost farmers’ incomes; and corn is one of the alternatives that will be favored because of good demand and high yields.”
Source: Click on Bloomberg, September 12, 2013 to read more. | |
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| Other News | |
| Debunking Myths on Cassava | |
| "Rumour has it that planting cassava is inherently bad for the soil. The crop is capable of widespread soil erosion, damaging the environment and reducing the productivity of other crops by removing too many nutrients from the soil, so the popular mantra goes. Yet at the same time, cassava can apparently grow well in poor, degraded soils with no or very little fertiliser application at all." Source: Agriculture and Ecosystems blog post by Tin Maung Aye | |
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| Can We Feed 9.6 billion by 2050? | |
| World Population Day 2013 came and went with little fanfare this year. There were no organized efforts to draw attention to the annual United Nations observance, which underscores population issues. U.N. demographers have revised their projections upwards to 9.6 billion by 2050 and 11 billion by 2100. Read more: http://www.triplepundit.com/2013/10/feed-96-billion-2050/ | |
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| Serious Cocoa Deficit on the Horizon | |
| The cocoa industry needs to go beyond certification box-ticking to avoid a sizable cocoa deficit by 2020, says sustainable supply chain adviser Solidaridad.
Solidaridad works with major players in the cocoa and chocolate industry such as Mars and Cargill to create sustainable supply chains and provides training to cocoa farmers. Hans Perk, international program director for sustainable cocoa at Solidaridad Network told Confectionery News that the industry expected a 1million MT cocoa bean supply deficit by 2020.Farmers are turning to other crops, which is threatening the cocoa supply. Meanwhile, demand for chocolate is forecast to grow 3% each year to 2020 driven by growth in Eastern Europe, Brazil, and Asia as well, further threatening the supply demand balance. While confectioners such as Mars, Ferrero and Hershey have committed to 100% certified cocoa by 2020, Perk added that there were many social, environmental and economic issues not addressed by certification. Read more: http://www.confectionerynews.com/content/view/print/849085 | |
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| Oil Palm Expands on Deforested Lands in Brazil | |
| "The oil palm, a sign of alarm for some and of hope for others, is here to stay in the Amazon rainforest state of Pará in the extreme north of this country. The vegetation along the road that sets out from Belém, the state capital, has lost the deep-green exuberance of the rainforest, which has been replaced by “dendê”, as the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is known in Brazil. According to the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Brazil’s Amazon region lost 111,087 sq km of forest cover between 2004 and 2012, including 44,361 sq km in Pará. Several companies in the oil palm industry employs 10,914 people in this state of nearly eight million people. Belém Bioenergia aims to plant oil palm on a total of 60,000 hectares by 2015. It has planted half of that so far, including 6,000 hectares tended by family farmers who will sell the company their output, and the rest of which are leased to large landholders. Biopalma, for its part, will obtain oil from 60,000 hectares of its own, and from the harvest of another 20,000 hectares." Read more: http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/11/oil-palm-expands-on-deforested-land-in-brazils-rainforest/ | |
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| Literature at a Glance | |
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| Is Potassium Fertilizer Really Necessary? | |
| Recently, the question has been raised of whether or not agriculture should be using potassium (K) fertilizers. Most notably, a paper titled “The potassium paradox: Implications for soil fertility, crop production and human health” published in the journal Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. S.A. Khan and co-workers question the current mode of evaluating crop available potassium in soils and fertilization practices based on the results of such methods. Dr. T.S. Murrell, IPNI North Central Director, has prepared a review of this issue examining how the soil fertility and plant nutrition science determines if or when K should be applied."Not applying K on soils with low indigenous supplies limits yields and production and is considered a form of land degradation," summarizes Dr. Murrell. "On soils with high indigenous supplies, omitting K will not reduce yields or production; however, continued withdrawal of K through successive crop harvests will eventually deplete indigenous supplies to yield-limiting levels, as has been observed in several areas around the world. Potassium fertilization is necessary. Both plant-based and soil testing-based approaches inform decisions about whether or not K application is needed to provide plants with adequate nutrition and sustain soil productivity." Click here to read more. | |
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| The Role of Cooperative Business Models for the Success of Smallholder Coffee Certification in Nicaragua | |
| Abstract: Supported by policy-makers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), coffee farmer organizations obtain organic and Fairtrade certifications to upgrade their coffee and, thus, increase returns to their members. Whether this and other upgrading strategies fit into the business model of the cooperative and lead to success are often not considered. This research aims to identify similarities and differences between conventional and certified cooperatives and the resultant impact on farmers' incomes. We analyze the business models, upgrading strategies, and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of seven conventional, organic and Organic-Fairtrade certified coffee cooperatives and link these to members' coffee gross margins. We use data from over 100 in-depth qualitative interviews and a household survey of 327 cooperative members in northern Nicaragua. Results indicate that cooperatives often apply the same upgrading strategies despite very different business models and SWOT. There are also many commonalities of SWOT among cooperatives but no clear-cut differences between conventional, organic and Organic-Fairtrade certified cooperatives. The qualitative comparison of coffee gross margins among the cooperatives shows no clear income effect from participating in certified coffee production and certified cooperatives. It indicates, rather, dependence of gross margins on yield levels, the business model and upgrading strategies of the cooperatives. Upgrading through certification seems only successful with a suitable business model and other upgrading strategies. Policies should focus on (i) increasing as well as stabilizing coffee yields, and (ii) on the institutional framework of cooperatives by offering strategic support, credit access, external auditing of cooperatives and the establishment of a functional national coffee institute. - Tina D. Beuchelt and Manfred Zeller Click here to read more. | |
| Estimating Oil content of Commercially Harvested Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches | |
| The Southeast Asia Program of the International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI SEA) showed that field best management practices (BMP) that maximize FFB yield do not necessarily maximize OER even though oil yield with BMP is higher (based on standard conversion of BA oil content values to mill OER) (Oberthür et al., 2012). In this paper, we show how the methodologies adapted by IPNI SEA for assessing FFB from commercial-scale harvesting can be used to estimate oil recovery efficiency for the oil production process from the field to the mill. - C R Donough, J Cock, T Oberthür, K Indrasuara, Gatot A R, T Dolong | |
| Effect of Nutrient Application Frequency on Nutrient Uptake in Oil palm production on Sandy Soils | |
| Fertilizer recovery efficiency is inherently low in the oil palm production system, due to nutrient losses by leaching and surface runoff, and poorly managed recycling of nutrient-rich post-milling residues. In Indonesia, Kalimantan is where oil palm cultivation has been rapidly expanding in recent years. Sandy soils are common in the region and nutrient losses are expected to be particularly high especially during times of high rainfall. With reference to the 4R nutrient stewardship concept (IPNI, 2012), it is hypothesized that increasing the frequency of fertilizer application on such soils should reduce the losses of nutrients and increase the efficiency of the applied fertilizers. To test this hypothesis, a project was started at PT Sungai Rangit in Central Kalimantan by IPNI SEAP, K+S Kali GmbH and PT Sampoerna Agro Tbk. Please click on the PDF below to read more. - Jóska Gerendás, Bayu Utomo, Kusnu Martoyo, Christopher R. Donough, Thomas Oberthür | |
| How to Change Legal Land Use Classifications to Support More Sustainable Palm Oil Production in Indonesia | |
WRI has produced a new issue brief to address this challenge, "How to Change Legal Land Use Classifications to Support More Sustainable Palm Oil in Indonesia." This publication provides a "how-to guide" for companies to shift their palm oil operations from forested to degraded land, as well as recommendations on how Indonesian policy makers can make this process easier. Brief.png | |
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| Oil-palm fuel could be more carbon intensive than diesel | |
| Emissions of greenhouse gases resulting from expansion of oil-palm crops in the Brazilian state of Pará could give the resulting biodiesel a higher carbon intensity than petroleum diesel, if policies on forest protection are not enforced. That's according to researchers at the University of California, Davis, US (http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/8/4/044031/article) | |
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| New Entries to the IPNI Library | |
| We have also updated our SEAP Reference Database with references dealing mainly with the following topics: Myanmar, oil palm, coffee and nutrient and fertilizer management. For a complete listing of these references, please click on the attachment below. | |
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| IPNI SEAP in the Press | |
IPNI Southeast Asia Program has in the final quarter of 2013 disseminated the following press releases, posters, journal article and the annual Planters' Diary:
Click here to access IPNI SEAP press releases. | |
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| Upcoming Events | |
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| Indian International Coffee Festival 21 - 25 January 2014 Bangalore, India | |
| 3rd World Agroforestry Congress 10-14 February 2014 Delhi, India Organisation: ICRAF, co-hosted by the World Agroforestry Centre and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Delhi, India | |
| 18th Tea & Coffee World Cup - EXPO XXI 11 - 13 February 2014 Warsaw, Poland | |
| 4th International Conference on Palm Oil and Environment 12 - 14 February 2014 Legian, Bali | |
| 11th African Fine Coffee Conference & Exhibition 13 - 15 February 2014 Bujumbura, Burundi | |
| International Conference - Forest Change 2014 2 - 4 April 2014 Freising, Germany | |
| 8th International Conference on Plant Protection in the Tropics 8 - 10 April 2014 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | |
| 6th Annual Specialty Coffee Association of America Symposium 23 - 24 April 2014 Seattle, Washington | |
| International Conference & Exhibition on Palm Oil 26-28 May 2014 Jakarta, Indonesia | |
| Argus FMB Asian Technical Fertilizer Conference 2014 3-4 June 2014 Singapore | |
| 2nd European Agroforestry Conference: Integrating Science & Policy to Promote Agroforestry in Practice 4 - 6 June 2014 Cottbus – Senftenberg Organization: EURAF - European Agroforestry Federation, hosted by Brandenburg University of Technology | |
| The 5th Quadrennial International Oil Palm Conference (IOPC) 17-19 June 2014 Bali, Indonesia | |
| Oils and Fats International Congress 5 - 7 November 2014 Kuala Lumpur Convention Center, Malaysia | |
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| Subscribe to the SEAP Newsletter | |
| The SEAP Quarterly Newsletter aims to provide information on recent activities of our program and selected news on regional developments.
If you would like be on our mailing list, please send us an email. To access previous issues of our newsletter, please click here. SEAP Information Services The Southeast Asia Program office of IPNI has an intensive collection of papers, books, articles, newsletters, and slides categorized into a searchable information database. A list of the latest additions to our reference database is attached. We can also provide search lists of the resources available in our physical library. Click here for more information on our Information Services. | |
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| Disclaimer: News from the Region is a selection of regional agriculture-related articles extracted from internet sources. IPNI does not verify, endorse, or take responsibility for the accuracy, currency, completeness or quality of the content in these sites. Due to the nature of this service, IPNI cannot always verify every single news item. Be sure to check with the official websites of the companies, universities, research centers, and government agencies before using any information in the SEAP newsletters or webpages, as IPNI cannot vouch for news items submitted by the public. Links to external websites are included for the sole purpose of providing easy access to the source. The inclusion of external hyperlinks does not constitute IPNI’s endorsement of the views expressed by these websites. IPNI shall not be responsible for any damages caused directly or indirectly by the use of any information or content from within linked websites. | |
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