IPNI SEAP Staff Publication List

2010

Buresh, R.J., M.F. Pampolino and C. Witt. 2010.
Field-specific potassium and phosphorus balances and fertilizer requirements for irrigated rice-based cropping systems.
Plant and Soil, Vol 335, page 35-64.
Abstract: Fertilizer K and P requirements for rice (Oryza sativa L.) can be determined with site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) using estimated target yield, nutrient balances, and yield gains from added nutrient. We used the QUEFTS (Quantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soils) model with >8000 plot-level observations to estimate the relationship between grain yield and nutrient accumulation in above-ground dry matter of irrigated rice with harvest index 0.4. Predicted reciprocal internal efficiencies (RIEs) at 60-70% of yield potential corresponded to plant accumulation of 14.6 kg N, 2.7 kg P, and 15.9 kg K per tonne of grain yield. These RIEs enable determination of plant requirements for K and P and net output of K and P in harvested grain and removed crop residues at a target yield. Yield gains for nutrient applied to irrigated rice averaged 12% for K and 9% for P for 525 to 531 observations. For fields without certain yield gain, fertilizer K and P requirements can be determined by a partial maintenance approach (i.e., fertilizer input<output in nutrient balance), which considers nutrient supply mediated through soil processes and balances trade-offs between financial loss with full maintenance rates and risk of excessive nutrient depletion without nutrient application. When yield gains to an added nutrient are certain, partial maintenance plus yield gain can be used to determine fertilizer requirements. The SSNM-based approach and algorithms enable rapid development of field-specific K and P management.

Donough, C.R., C. Witt and T.H. Fairhurst. 2010.
Yield intensification in oil palm using BMP as a management tool.
Proceedings of the International Oil Palm Conference, Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute (IOPRI), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 1-3 June 2010. Pages 1-8.
Abstract: The gap between actual yield and maximum yield potential at a plantation may be partitioned into 3 components - Yield Gap 1 due to inefficiencies during plantation development and the immature period, Yield Gap 2 due to inaccurate assessment of nutrient needs, and Yield Gap 3 due to inefficient management of the mature stand. Gaps 2 and 3 can be corrected in existing mature plantations using the best management practice (BMP) concept developed by IPNI. In the concept, a set of selected BMPs are implemented in several full-sized blocks representing a plantation and assessed for agronomic, economic and environmental performance, in comparison to a parallel set of reference (REF) blocks. More than just the practices in themselves, it is the process of BMP implementation and evaluation that is the management tool, providing practical, commercial-scale evidence to guide decisions on investments for yield intensification. Since July 2006, IPNI has established 30 commercial blocks with BMP in collaboration with its plantation partners at 6 sites in Indonesia. Results todate show the robustness of the BMP concept and its applicability across a wide range of environmental and operating conditions. Bunch yield with BMP averaged 3.4 t/ha (+15%) higher due to more (+9%) and heavier (+6%) bunches. Crop recovery BMPs including a short harvest interval are important for high bunch yield in the short term, while other agronomic BMPs related to canopy and nutrient management are important for sustained or enhanced yield in the longer term. Cost per unit area is higher with BMP, but higher BMP yield improves profitability at the farm gate. In the final year of the project, oil and kernel yields are being estimated. The BMP concept is a model for continuous improvement - a BMP that is successfully evaluated becomes current practice, and a new cycle of BMP evaluation starts.

Fairhurst, T., W. Griffiths, C.R. Donough, C. Witt, D. McLaughlin and K.E. Giller. 2010.
Identification and elimination of yield gaps in oil palm plantations in Indonesia.
Proceedings of AGRO2010: The international scientific week around agronomy, Agropolis International, Montpellier Supagro, Cirad and Inra, French Association of Agronomy (AFA), Montpellier, France, 29 August - 3 September 2010. Pages 343-344.

IPNI. 2010.
Planters' Diary 2010.
International Plant Nutrition Institute, Penang, Malaysia.

Oberthür, T., C.R. Donough, L. Collet, J.H. Cock, C. Witt and T.H. Fairhurst. 2010.
Where in the world oil palm best management practices developed in degraded lands in Indonesia may work well.
Poster presented at the 8th Annual Roundtable Meeting (RT8) on Sustainable Palm Oil, Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), Jakarta, Indonesia, 8-11 November 2010.
Abstract: IPNI has demonstrated the success of best management practices (BMP) for ecological intensification of oil palm plantations in poorer environments in Indonesia. Can these BMP be deployed to intensify oil palm plantations in other regions? Answering this question provides the basis for analyzing and defining the best possible business options.


2009

Donough, C.R., C. Witt and T.H. Fairhurst. 2009.
Yield intensification in oil palm plantations through best management practice.
Better Crops with Plant Food, Vol 93, Issue 1, page 12-14.

IPNI. 2009.
Planters' Diary 2009.
International Plant Nutrition Institute, Penang, Malaysia.

Majumdar, K., M.F. Pampolino and R.J. Buresh. 2009.
Site-Specific Nutrient Management: A simplified approach.
Oral presentation at RSC/RTCC, New Delhi, India, 2-3 February 2009.

Pampolino, M., C. Witt, J.M. Pasuquin and P.J. Sinohin. 2009.
Nutrient Manager for Hybrid Maize User Manual (Version 1.0).
International Plant Nutrition Institute, Penang, Malaysia. 43 pages.

Rankine, I.R. and T. Fairhurst. 2009.
Buku Petunjuk - Tanaman Menghasilkan (Seri Kelapa Sawit Volume 6).
International Plant Nutrition Institute, Penang, Malaysia.

Rankine, I.R. and T. Fairhurst. 2009.
Buku petunjuk - Tanaman belum menghasilkan (Seri kelapa sawit volume 5).
International Plant Nutrition Institute, Penang, Malaysia.

Rankine, I.R. and T. Fairhurst, 2009.
Buku petunjuk - pembibitan (Seri kelapa sawit Volume 4).
International Plant Nutrition Institute, Penang, Malaysia.

Witt, C., J.M.C.A. Pasuquin, M.F. Pampolino, R.J. Buresh and A. Dobermann. 2009.
A practical guide to site-specific nutrient management for maize in tropical, favorable environments.
International Plant Nutrition Institute, Penang, Malaysia. 30 pages.


2008

Donough, C.R. 2008.
Oil palm nutrient and fertilizer management and fertilizer recommendation design.
Proceedings of ANCUPA, Ecuador Soil Science Society, IPNI Northern Latin America Program, Santo Domingo, Ecuador, 8-9 April 2008. Pages 1-16.

IPNI. 2008.
Planters' Diary 2008.
International Plant Nutrition Institute, Penang, Malaysia.

Witt, C., C.R. Donough and T. H. Fairhurst. 2008.
Ecological intensification of oil palm production through best management practices.
Poster presented at the 6th Roundtable Meeting on Sustainable Palm Oil (RT6), Bali, Indonesia, 18-20 November 2008.


2007

Donough, C.R. and C. Witt. 2007.
Ecological yield intensification through best management practice: first results of wider scale evaluation.
Poster presented at the 5th Roundtable Meeting on Sustainable Palm Oil (RT5), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-22 November 2007.

Fairhurst, T.H., A. Dobermann, C. Quijano-Guerta and V. Balasubramanian. 2007.
Mineral deficiencies and toxicities.
Pages 46-89 in T.H. Fairhurst, C. Witt, R.J. Buresh and A. Dobermann, editors. Rice: A practical guide to nutrient management. 2nd edition. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines, International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) and International Potash Institute (IPI), Singapore.

Fairhurst, T.H., C. Witt, R.J. Buresh and A. Dobermann. 2007.
Rice: A practical guide to nutrient management. 2nd edition.
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines, International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) and International Potash Institute (IPI), Singapore.

IPNI. 2007.
Planters' Diary 2007.
International Plant Nutrition Institute, Singapore.

Witt, C., R.J. Buresh, S. Peng, V. Balasubramanian and A. Dobermann. 2007.
Nutrient management.
Pages 1-45 in T.H. Fairhurst, C. Witt, R.J. Buresh and A. Dobermann, editors. Rice: A practical guide to nutrient management. 2nd edition. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines, International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) and International Potash Institute (IPI), Singapore.

Witt, C. and C.R. Donough. 2007.
Oil palm management: Ecological yield intensification through best management practice.
Poster presented at the 5th Roundtable Meeting (RT5) on Sustainable Palm Oil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-22 November 2007.


2006

Donough, C.R., C. Witt, T.H. Fairhurst, W. Griffiths and A. Gfroerer-Kerstan. 2006.
Concept and implementation of best management practice for maximum economic yield in oil palm plantations.
Proceedings of the 5th International Planters Conference 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 26-27 June 2006. Incorporated Society of Planters. Pages 1-10.

Fairhurst, T.H, J.-P. Caliman, R. Haerdter and C. Witt. 2006.
Buku Petunjuk - Kelapa sawit: Kelainan hara and pengelolaannya (Seri Kelapa Sawit Volume 7).
Potash and Phosphate Institute (PPI)/Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC), International Potash Institute (IPI), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD) and CTP Holdings Pte Ltd, Singapore.

Fairhurst, T.H., W. Griffiths and A. Gfroerer-Kerstan. 2006.
Concept and implementation of best management practice for maximum economic yield in an oil palm plantation in Sumatra.
Proceedings of the International Oil Palm Conference. Optimum use of resources: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable oil palm development, Bali, Indonesia, 19-23 June 2006. Pages 1-16 Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute (IOPRI), Bali, Indonesia.

PPI/PPIC. 2006
Poster - Gejala kahat hara pada tanaman kelapa sawit.
Potash and Phosphate Institute (PPI)/Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC), Singapore.

PPI/PPIC. 2006.
Planters' Diary 2006.
Potash and Phosphate Institute (PPI)/Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC), Singapore.

Witt, C., T.H. Fairhurst and W. Griffiths. 2006.
The need to increase profitability in oil palm plantations: Matching crop and nutrient management principles with evolving strategies.
The Planter, 82:377-403.
Abstract: There is an evident need for the oil palm industry to undertake steps to increase productivity on existing planted land considering the scarcity of suitable land for further expansion. National statistics show that oil yields have stagnated over the past 20 years in Malaysia and Indonesia despite the fact that the yield potential of existing planting material is about 10 t/ha palm oil products on good land. This paper presents crop and nutrient management principles that can be used to increase productivity and reduce existing yield gaps. We identify the key principles of crop and nutrient management as i) decision-making based on relevant information, ii) development of management units based on soil and plant surveys, iii) best management practice for optimal economic yield, iv) plant-based determination of nutrient needs, and v) need-based fertiliser use for effective and environmentally sound nutrient use. Case studies are used to provide examples for the integration of tools and technologies to achieve an ecological intensification of palm oil production. We conclude with an attempt to develop a conceptual framework for site-specific nutrient management in oil palm drawing on similar developments in other crops.

Witt, C., T.H. Fairhurst, J.E. Sheehy and Z.X. Huang. 2006.
A nutrient decision support system (NuDSS) software for irrigated rice.
Page 1 in V.C. Patil and S. Ninomiya, editors. AFITA 2006. The 5th International Conference of the Asian Federation for Information Technology in Agriculture, 9-11 November, 2006, Bangalore, India. Macmillan India Ltd.


2005

Fairhurst, T.H., J.-P. Caliman, R. Härdter and C. Witt. 2005.
Oil palm: Nutrient disorders and nutrient management.
Potash and Phosphate Institute/Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC), International Potash Institute (IPI), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), and Pacific Rim Palm Oil Ltd. (PRPOL), Singapore.

Fairhurst, T.H., J.-P. Caliman, R. Hardter and C. Witt. 2005.
Desordenes Nutricionales y Manejo de Nutrientes. (In Spanish).
Potash and Phosphate Institute/Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC), International Potash Institute (IPI), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD) and Pacific Rim Palm Oil Ltd. (PRPOL), Singapore.

Fairhurst, T. and C. Witt. 2005.
Fertilizer market potential in plantation crops in Indonesia.
Oral presentation at International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA) Conference, 6-8 December 2005, Singapore.

PPI/PPIC. 2005.
Planters' Diary 2005.
Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI)/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC), Singapore.

PPI/PPIC and IPI.
Pacific Rim Palm Oil Ltd. (PRPOL) Diary 2005.
Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI)/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC) and International Potash Institute (IPI), Singapore.

PPI/PPIC. 2005.
Poster - Nutrient deficiency symptoms in oil palm.
Potash and Phosphate Institute (PPI)/Potash and Phosphate Institute Canada (PPIC), Singapore.

PPI/PPIC. 2005.
Poster - Nutrient disorders in rice.
Potash and Phosphate Institute (PPI)/Potash and Phosphate Institute Canada (PPIC), Singapore.

Witt, C., T.H. Fairhurst, J.E. Sheehy, A. Dobermann and A. Gfroerer-Kerstan. 2005.
A nutrient decision support system (NuDSS) for irrigated rice.
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines, Potash and Phosphate Institute/Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC) and International Potash Institute (IPI), Singapore.

Witt, C., T.H. Fairhurst, J.E. Sheehy, A. Dobermann and A. Gfroerer-Kerstan. 2005.
A nutrient decision support system software for irrigated rice.
Better Crops with Plant Food 4:26-28.

Witt, C., T.H. Fairhurst, J.E. Sheehy, A. Dobermann, A. Gfroerer-Kerstan and J.M.C.A. Pasuquin. 2005.
A nutrient decision support system (NuDSS) software for irrigated rice.
Proceedings of the International Rice Conference 2005, 13-14 September, Bali, Indonesia. Pages 1-6. Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Bogor, Indonesia.

Witt, C., T.H. Fairhurst and W. Griffiths. 2005.
Key principles of crop and nutrient management in oil palm.
Better Crops with Plant Food 3:27-31.


2004

Fairhurst, T., J.-P. Caliman, R. Hardter and C. Witt. 2004.
Pocket Guide: Oil palm - Nutrient disorders and nutrient management (Oil palm series Volume 7).
Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC), Singapore.

PPI/PPIC. 2004.
Planters' Diary 2004.
Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute Canada (PPI/PPIC), Singapore.

Rankine, I.R. and T.H. Fairhurst. 2004.
Guia de campo: serie en palma aceitera - vivero, volumen 1. (In Spanish)
Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC) and 4T Consultants, Singapore.

Rankine, I.R. and T.H. Fairhurst. 2004.
Guia de campo: serie en palma aceitera - fase inmadura, volumen 2. (In Spanish)
Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC) and 4T Consultants, Singapore.

Rankine, I.R. and T.H. Fairhurst. 2004.
Guia de campo: serie en palma aceitera - fase madura, volumen 3. (In Spanish)
Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC) and 4T Consultants, Singapore.


2003

PPI/PPIC. 2003.
Planters' Diary 2003.
Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute Canada (PPI/PPIC), Singapore.

Fairhurst, T.H. 2003.
Commercial farms in Southeast Asia.
Oral presentation at the IFA-FAO Agriculture Conference, Rome, Italy, 26-28 March 2003. International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA).

Fairhurst, T.H. 2003.
Efficient management of natural resources in oil palm plantations.
Page 135-174 in E. Pushparajah and K.H. Chee, editors. Globalisation and its impact on the palm oil industry. (Volume 1. Technical Papers). The Incorporated society of Planters (ISP), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Fairhurst, T.H. 2003.
Environmental aspects of fertilizer management in oil palm.
Proceeding of the MPOA Seminar 2003: Good Agricultural Practice and Food Safety Management in Palm Oil Industry, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 24-25 February 2003. Page 23, Malaysia Palm Oil Association (MPOA), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Fairhurst, T.H. and R. Haerdter. 2003.
Oil palm: Management for large and sustainable yields.
Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC) and International Potash Institute (IPI), Singapore.

Fairhurst, T.H., I.R. Rankine, A. Gfroerer-Kerstan, V. McAleer, C. Taylor and W. Griffiths. 2003.
A conceptual framework for precision agriculture in oil palm plantations.
Pages 321-332 in T.H. Fairhurst and R. Härdter, editors. Oil palm – Management for large and sustainable yields. Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC) and International Potash Institute (IPI), Singapore.

Giller, K.E. and T.H. Fairhurst. 2003.
Legume cover plants.
Pages 151-162 in T.H. Fairhurst and R. Härdter, editors. Oil palm – Management for large and sustainable yields. Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC) and International Potash Institute (IPI), Singapore.

Goh, K.J., R. Härdter and T.H. Fairhurst. 2003.
Fertilizing for maximum return.
Pages 279-306 in T.H. Fairhurst and R. Härdter, editors. Oil palm – Management for large and sustainable yields. Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC) and International Potash Institute (IPI), Singapore.

Griffiths, W. and T.H. Fairhurst. 2003.
Implementation of best management practices in an oil palm rehabilitation project.
Better Crops International 17:6-19.

Kuruvilla, K.J., I.R. Rankine, C.T. Lee, T.H. Fairhurst and T. Mohd Hashim. 2003.
Innovation and the plantation industry.
Proceedings of the 4^th International Planters Conference 2003: Globalisation and its impact on the palm oil industry. Pages 1-29. The Incorporated Society of Planters (ISP), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

von Uexküll, H.R., I.E. Henson and T.H. Fairhurst. 2003.
Canopy management to optimize yield.
Pages 163-180 in T.H. Fairhurst and R. Härdter, editors. Oil palm – Management for large and sustainable yields. Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC) and International Potash Institute (IPI), Singapore.

2002

Abdulrachman, S., C. Witt and T.H. Fairhurst. 2002.
Petunjuk Teknis. Pemupukan Spesifik Lokasi - Implementasi Omission Plot, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Padi, Sukamandi.
Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC), Singapore; and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines.

Dobermann, A. and T.H. Fairhurst. 2002.
Rice straw management.
Better Crops International, Rice Production Special Supplement Publication, 16:7-9.

Fairhurst, T.H. 2002.
Balanced fertilization in cropping systems in Indonesia.
Page 45-67 in J. Sri Adiningsih, D. Setyorini, Suprapti, Kusartuti, Sri Rochayati, D. Santoso, S. Pardede, M.S. Zuber, D. Avianto, Y. Sugiyarto, W. Marno, E. Kusuma, Prasetyanto, S. Wilianto, and N. Intizam, editors. Prosiding Lokakarya Pemupukan Berimbang. Lembaga Pupuk Indonesia, Asosiasi Produsen Pupuk Indonesia, Departemen Perindustrian dan Perdagangan RI, Departemen Pertanian RI, Jakarta.

Fairhurst, T.H. 2002.
Comparison of integrated nutrient management in oil palm and rice in Southeast Asia.
Proceedings of the National Seminar on Integrated Farming Systems, Putrajaya, Malaysia. Page 9.

Fairhurst, T.H. 2002.
Upland improvement in Southeast Asia.
Proceedings of the IFA Regional Conference for Asia and the Pacific, Singapore, 18-20 November 2002. Pages 1-16. International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA).

Fairhurst, T.H., T.S. Dierolf and E.W. Mutert. 2002.
Nutrient management for the rehabilitation of acid, upland soils in Southeast Asia.
Applied Agricultural Research, pages 1-5.

Fairhurst, T.H. and A. Dobermann. 2002.
Rice in the global food supply.
Better Crops International, Rice Production Special Supplement Publication, 16:3-6.

Fairhurst, T.H., A. Dobermann, C. Quijano-Guerta and V. Balasubramanian. 2002.
Mineral deficiencies and toxicities.
Pages 47-94 in T.H. Fairhurst and C. Witt, editors. Rice: A pocket guide for nutrient management. Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC), Singapore and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines.

Fairhurst, T.H. and C. Witt. 2002.
Rice: A practical guide to nutrient management.
Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC), Singapore and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines.

Fairhurst, T.H. and C. Witt. 2002.
Arroz: guia practica para el manejo de nutrients.
Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC), Singapore and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines.

Griffiths, W., T.H. Fairhurst, I.R. Rankine, A.G. Kerstan and C. Taylor. 2002.
Identification and elimination of yield gaps in oil palm. Use of OMP7 and GIS.
Proceedings of the International Oil Palm Conference, Nusa Dua, Bali, 8-12 July 2002. Pages 1-10. Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute (IOPRI), Medan, Indonesia.
Abstract: The increasing competitiveness of other vegetable oil crops, declining commodity prices, scarcity and cost of labor, and reduced availability of land for further expansion are some of the reasons driving a requirement for increased productivity in oil palm plan­tations in Southeast Asia (Foong and Lee, 2000; Fry, 2000; Goh, 2000; Gurmit Singh, 1999; Kuruvilla, 2000; Paramananthan, 2000; Stringfellow, 2000; Teo, 2001). At the same time it is clear that yields lag behind the potential in many oil palm plantations. Fur­thermore, more stringent controls on environmental impact are a consequence of the mar­ket's demand for certified sources of 'clean' crude palm oil produced in sustainable pro­duction systems (Kuruvilla et al., 2002). In all oil palm plantations, it is essential to iden­tify the potential yield for each soil type and planting material, establish realistic yield targets, by implementing Best Management Practices (BMPs) on representative soil types, and then identify and eliminate yield gaps by site specific field management. We are pres­ently implementing a program of BMPs in selected blocks in the Pacific Rim Plantations Group (PACRIM) so that the potential yield. limited only by soil type, planting material and climate, is fully expressed We use OMP7, a computer database system, to store and analyze all historical information on yield, nutrient use, leaf and soil analysis, tree stand and selected environmental parameters for each block. Agronomic information is por­trayed in block history reports, using OMP7, and maps, using G/S software with OMP7 as the data source. Blocks that have performed poorly are identified by calculating the gap between site-specific potential yield and actual yield Lists and maps that include infor­mation on agronomic constraints for each poorly performing block are produced from OMP7 to provide a quantitative basis for field inspections. Ar. action plan is then drawn up including a program of activities that will eliminate those agronomic constraints ame­nable to management control. This approach constitutes a change.from the use of routine field upkeep programs to site-specific management of the factors that constrain yield on a block-by-block basis. We are present(v implementing this approach as part of the PA CRIM group's strategv to achieve yields in excess of 8 t ha-I palm products.

Mutert, E. and T.H. Fairhurst. 2002.
Developments in rice production in Southeast Asia.
Better Crops International, 16:12-17.

PPI/PPIC. 2002.
Planters' Diary 2002.
Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute Canada (PPI/PPIC), Singapore.

Prabowo, N.E., L. Tohiruddin, T.H. Fairhurst, H.L. Foster and N. Evi Nafisah. 2002.
Efficiency of fertilizer recovery by oil palm in Sumatra.
Proceedings of the International Oil Palm Conference, Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia, 8-12 July 2002. Pages 282-290. Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute (IOPRI), Medan, Indonesia.
Abstract: Because fertilizers are usually the most costly input in field management of oil palm, there is a strong incentive to improve the efficiency of fertilizer nutrient use by crop. There is little published information on nutrient recovery rates for oil palm or on the factors that affect nutrient recovery efficiency. This information is needed for each nutrient as a reference so that the potential for improvement in recovery can be assessed and the success of any attempt to improve efficiency can be measured.

Witt, C., V. Balasubramanian, A. Dobermann and R.J. Buresh. 2002.
Nutrient management.
Pages 1-45 in T.H. Fairhurst and C. Witt, editors. Rice: A practical guide for nutrient management. Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC), Singapore and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines.


2001

Dierolf, T., T.H. Fairhurst and E. Mutert. 2001.
Soil fertility kit: A toolkit for acid, upland soil fertility management in Southeast Asia.
Potash and Phosphate Institute (PPI), Singapore.

Fairhurst, T.H. and J.-P. Caliman. 2001.
Pocket Guide – Symptômes de Déficiences Minérales et Anomalies chez le Palmier à Huile (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.).
Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC) and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Singapore.

Mutert, E. and T.H. Fairhurst. 2001.
The use of rock phosphate in tropical upland improvement in Southeast Asia – Past experience and future needs.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Direct Application of Phosphate Rock and Related Appropriate Technology – Latest Developments and Practical Experiences, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 16-20 July 2001. Pages 150-162. An International Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development (IFDC), Alabama, U.S.A.

Rankine, I.R., A. Gfroerer-Kerstan, J. Kuruvilla and T.H. Fairhurst. 2001.
OMP7 – A field history and mapping facility.
The Planter


2000

Dobermann, A. and T.H. Fairhurst. 2000.
Rice: Nutrient disorders and nutrient management.
Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC), Singapore and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines.

Fairhurst, T.H. 2000.
Estimating fertilizer requirements: The use of soil analysis, leaf analysis and fertilizer experiments.
Proceedings for the Workshop held by ASGARD, Selangor, Malaysia, 26-28 January 2000. Pages 182-194, The Incorporated Society of Planters (ISP) Sabah North East Branch, Malaysia.

Fairhurst, T.H. and E. Mutert. 2000.
Pengunaan Pupuk Multi Hara yang Tepat pada Tanaman Kelapa Sawit.
Proceedings of Pertemuan Teknis Kelapa Sawit, Medan, Indonesia, 25-26 Apr 2000. Page 10. Indonesian Oil Palm research Institute (IOPRI), Medan, Indonesia.

Fairhurst, T.H., A. Gfroerer-Kerstan, I.R. Rankine and K.J. Kuruvilla. 2000.
Use of Geographical Information Systems in plantation agriculture: Linking digital maps to agronomic database sets.
Pages 755-767 in E. Pushparajah, editor. International Planters Conference. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 17–20 May 2000. The Incorporated society of Planters (ISP), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Fairhurst, T.H. and E. Mutert. 2000.
A comparison of the agronomic characteristics of major vegetable oil crops.
Oral presentation at the Oils and Fats International Congress (OFIC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 4-8 September 2000. Malaysian Oil Scientists’ and Technologists’ Association (MOSTA), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Fairhurst, T.H., I.R. Rankine, A. Gfroerer-Kerstan and E. Mutert. 2000.
Database use in oil palm agronomy data management.
Proceedings of IBSRAM Workshop on Nutrient Management, Bogor, Indonesia, 20-24 Nov 2000. Page 3, IBSRAM.

Dobermann, A. and T.H. Fairhurst. 2000.
Arroz: Desordenses nutricionales y manejo de nutrients.
Potash and Phosphate Institute/ Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI/PPIC), Singapore and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines.

Fairhurst, T.H. and E. Mutert. 2000.
The appropriate use of compound fertilizers in oil palm cultivation.
Oral presentation at the Indonesia Oil Palm Research Institute, Medan, Indonesia, 25 April 2000.


1999

Fairhurst, T.H. 1999.
Nutrient use efficiency in oil palm: Measurement and management.
The Planter 75:177-183.

Fairhurst, T.H., A. Gfroerer-Kerstan and I.R. Rankine. 1999.
Nutrient management services for oil palm.
Better Crops International 13(1):52-54.

Fairhurst, T.H., R. Lefroy, E. Mutert and N. Batjes. 1999.
The importance, distribution and causes of phosphorus deficiency as a constraint to crop production in the tropics.
Agroforestry Forum: Special issue on phosphorus availability, uptake and cycling in tropical agroforestry 9:2-8.

Fairhurst, T.H. and E. Mutert. 1999.
Towards more efficient fertilizer use: Use of monitoring blocks, management and interpretation of agronomic data, interpretation of leaf analysis results, and choice of fertilizer materials.
Oral presentation at the National Seminar on Innovations in Plantation Management, Kuantan, Malaysia, 8-9 May 1999. The Incorporated Society of Planters, Malaysia.

Fairhurst, T.H. and E. Mutert. 1999.
Introduction to oil palm production.
Better Crops International 13(1):3-6.

Fairhurst, T.H. and E. Mutert. 1999.
Interpretation and management of oil palm leaf analysis data.
Better Crops International 13(1):48-51.

Mutert, E. and T.H. Fairhurst. 1999.
Twenty-two tips for practical oil palm planters.
Better Crops International 13(1):7-9.

Mutert, E. and T.H. Fairhurst. 1999.
Oil palm clones: Productivity enhancement for the future.
Better Crops International 13(1):45-47.

Mutert, E.W. and T.H. Fairhurst. 1999.
Oil Palm - The great crop of South East Asia: Potential, nutrition and management.
Proceedings of the International Fertilizer Industry Association regional conference for Asia and the Pacific, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 14-17 November 1999. Page 14.

Mutert, E., T. Fairhurst and H.R. von Uexküll. 1999.
Agronomic management of oil palms on deep peat.
Better Crops International 13(1):22-27.
Abstract: The special soil physicochemical characteristics of deep tropical peat soils and their environments are documented in order to explain the need for adequate drainage, compaction and nutrition in oil palm development on these "problem soils." Successful techniques of land preparation, nursery establishment, and planting procedures are presented together with fertilizer recommendations and yield response on peat soils in comparison to mineral soils.

Rankine, I.R. and T.H. Fairhurst. 1999.
Management of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in mature oil palm.
Better Crops International 13(1):10-15.

Rankine, I.R. and T. H. Fairhurst. 1999.
Field Handbook: Oil Palm Series Volume 1 – Nursery.
Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI)/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC) and 4T Consultants, Singapore.

Rankine, I.R. and T.H. Fairhurst. 1999.
Field Handbook: Oil Palm Series Volume 2 – Immature.
Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI)/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC) and 4T Consultants, Singapore.

Rankine, I.R. and T.H. Fairhurst. 1999.
Field Handbook: Oil Palm Series Volume 3 – Mature.
Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI)/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC) and 4T Consultants, Singapore.

Rankine, I.R. and T.H. Fairhurst. 1999.
Pocket Guide: Oil Palm Series Volume 4 – Nursery.
Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI)/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC) and 4T Consultants, Singapore.

Rankine, I.R. and T.H. Fairhurst. 1999.
Pocket Guide: Oil Palm Series Volume 5 – Immature.
Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI)/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC) and 4T Consultants, Singapore.

Rankine, I.R. and T.H. Fairhurst 1999.
Pocket Guide: Oil Palm Series Volume 6 – Mature.
Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI)/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC) and 4T Consultants, Singapore.

von Uexküll, H.R. and T.H. Fairhurst. 1999.
Some nutritional disorders in oil palm.
Better Crops International 13(1):16-21.


1998

Fairhurst, T. 1998.
Guia De Bolsillo: Sintomas de Deficiencias de Nutrientes y Desordenes en Palma Aceitera (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.): Symptoms of nutrient deficiencies and disorders in oil palm. (Book in Spanish).
Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI)/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC), Singapore / Ecuador.

Fairhurst, T.H. 1998.
Pocket Guide. Nutrient deficiency symptoms and disorders in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI)/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC) and 4T Consultants, Singapore.

Fairhurst, T.H., R.D.B. Lefroy, E.W. Mutert, J. Sri Adiningsih and D. Santoso. 1998.
Soil fertility recapitalization in acid upland soils in Southeast Asia: the example of Indonesia.
In Proceedings of the 16^th World Congress of Soil Science, Montpellier, France, 20-26 August 1998. International Society of Soil Science, Symposium 12.

Fairhurst, T.H. and E. Mutert. 1998.
The Potash & Phosphate Institute's approach to agronomy and extension in the oil palm plantation sector.
Oral presentation at the International Planters Conference. The Incorporated Society of Planters, Sabah, Malaysia, 29 September 1998.

Fairhurst, T.H. and E. Mutert. 1998.
Fertilizer demand, supply and prices in the oil palm sector and the agricultural economies of Southeast Asia.
Oral presentation at MOSTA Symposium 5: Recent Advances in the Oil Palm Sector. Malaysian Oil Scientists' and Technologists' Association and the Incorporated Society of Planters, Lumut, Malaysia, 15-17 October 1998.

Fairhurst, T.H., E. Mutert and H.R. von Uexküll. 1998.
Agronomic management of oil palms on deep peat.
Pages 226-239 in A. Jatmika, D. Bangun, D. Asmono, E.S. Sutarta, K. Pamin, P. Guritno, S. Prawirosukarto, T. Wahyono, T. Herawan, T. Hutomo, W. Darmosarkoro, Y.T. Adiwiganda, and Z. Poeloengan, editors. International Oil Palm Conference: Commodity of the Past, Today, and the Future. Bali, Indonesia, 23-25 September 1998. Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, Medan, Indonesia.

Penot, E., S. Syofyan, and T.H. Fairhurst. 1998.
Rock phosphate plays a key role in the establishment of rubber-based agroforestry systems in Indonesia.
Pages 348-349 in Nutrient management for sustainable crop production in Asia. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K.

Rankine, I.R. and T.H. Fairhurst 1998.
Buku Lapangan. Pembibitan.
Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI)/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC) and 4T Consultants, Singapore.

Rankine, I.R. and T.H. Fairhurst 1998.
Buku Lapangan. Tanaman Belum Menghasilkan,
Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI)/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC) and 4T Consultants, Singapore.

Rankine, I.R. and T.H. Fairhurst 1998.
Buku Lapangan. Tanaman Menghasilkan.
Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI)/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC) and 4T Consultants, Singapore.

Sri Adiningsih, J. and T.H. Fairhurst. 1998.
The use of reactive phosphate rock for the rehabilitation of anthropic savannah in Indonesia.
Pages 159-174 in A.E. Johnston and J.K. Syers, editors. Nutrient Management for Sustainable Food Production in Asia. IMPHOS-AARD/CSAR International Conference in Asia and IFA-FADINAP Regional Meeting. Bali, Indonesia, 9-12 December 1996.


1997

Dierolf, T.S., E. Kramer and T.H. Fairhurst. 1997.
Helping extension workers in Indonesia assess soil fertility in the tropical uplands, when there is no soil test.
Better Crops International, 11:12-15.

Fairhurst, T. 1997.
Gejala defisiensi hara dan kelainan pada tanaman kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, Medan, Indonesia.

Fairhurst, T.H. 1997.
Nutrient deficiency symptoms and disorders in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI)/ Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC), Singapore.

Fairhurst, T.H. and T. Dierolf. 1997.
Penggunaan pupuk pada lahan kering.
Page 69-77 in Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, editors. Pengelolaan sumberdaya lahan kering di Indonesia. Pusat Penyuluhan Kehutanan, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Fairhurst, T.H. and E. Mutert. 1997.
Soil phosphorus recapitalization in Asia's humid tropical uplands makes economic and environmental sense.
Pages 67-68 in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Biological Management of Soil Fertility on Acid Upland Soils in the Humid Tropics, Malang, Indonesia, 28-31 July 1997.

Fairhurst, T.H. and E. Mutert. 1997.
The industrial use of oil palm fibre: Possible effects on plant nutrient cycles and sustainability.
Pages 209-230 in E. Pushparajah, editor. International Planters Conference. Plantation Management for the 21^st Century. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Mutert, E. and T.H. Fairhurst. 1997.
Changing scenarios in fertilizer consumption and supply in S. E. Asia perspective.
Fertilizer News, 42:41-47.

Mutert, E. and T.H. Fairhurst. 1997.
Nutrient management on S. E. Asia's uplands: constraints, challenges and opportunities.
Oral presentation at the workshops on “Nutrient and Water Management for Crops in Uplands of Vietnam”, 13-14 January 1997, Hanoi and 16-17 January 1997, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Santoso, D., J. Sri Adiningsih, E. Mutert, T.H. Fairhurst and M. van Noordwijk. 1997.
Soil fertility management for reclamation of Imperata grasslands by smallholder agroforestry.
Page 181–202 in D.P. Garrity, editor. Agroforestry Innovations for Imperata Grassland Rehabilitation.
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.


1996

Fairhurst, T.H. 1996.
Management of nutrients for efficient use in smallholder oil palm plantations.
PhD Dissertation for Wye College.

Mutert, E. and T.H. Fairhurst. 1996.
Changing scenarios in fertilizer consumption and supply in Southeast Asia.
Page 20 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainability of Oil Palm Plantations: Agronomic and Environmental Perspectives, Kuala Lumpur, 27-28 September 1996, International Society of Oil Palm Agronomists and Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia.

Mutert, E. and T.H. Fairhurst. 1996.
Changing scenarios in fertilizer consumption and supply in the S. E. Asia perspective.
Oral presentation at FAI Seminar 1996: Fertiliser and Agriculture Emerging Compulsions. The Fertiliser Association of India, New Delhi, India, 5-7 December 1996.

Mutert, E. and T.H. Fairhurst. 1996.
Efficient nutrient management on tropical uplands in Southeast Asia.
Oral presentation at the International Symposium on Fertilizer in Agricultural Development (ISFAD), Beijing, China, 15-18 October 1996.